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Cathy D. Sherbourne, PhD; Kenneth B. Wells, MD,MPH; Naihua Duan, PhD; Jeanne Miranda, PhD; Jürgen Unützer, MD,MPH; Lisa Jaycox, PhD; Michael Schoenbaum, PhD; Lisa S. Meredith, PhD; Lisa V. Rubenstein, MD,MPH

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58:696-703.

Background  This article addresses whether dissemination of short-term quality improvement (QI) interventions for depression to primary care practices improves patients' clinical outcomes and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) over 2 years, relative to usual care (UC).

Methods  The sample included 1299 patients with current depressive symptoms and 12-month, lifetime, or no depressive disorder from 46 primary care practices in 6 managed care organizations. Clinics were randomized to UC or 1 of 2 QI programs that included training local experts and nurse specialists to provide clinician and patient education, assessment, and treatment planning, plus either nurse care managers for medication follow-up (QI-meds) or access to trained psychotherapists (QI-therapy). Outcomes were assessed every 6 months for 2 years.

Results  For most outcomes, differences between intervention and UC patients were not sustained for the full 2 years. However, QI-therapy reduced overall poor outcomes compared with UC by about 8 percentage points throughout 2 years, and by 10 percentage points compared with QI-meds at 24 months. Both interventions improved patients' clinical and role outcomes, relative to UC, over 12 months (eg, a 10-11 and 6-7 percentage point difference in probable depression at 6 and 12 months, respectively).

Conclusions  While most outcome improvements were not sustained over the full 2 study years, findings suggest that flexible dissemination of short-term, QI programs in managed primary care can improve patient outcomes well after program termination. Models that support integrated psychotherapy and medication-based treatment strategies in primary care have the potential for relatively long-term patient benefits.

From the Health Program, RAND, Santa Monica, Calif (Drs Sherbourne, Wells, Duan, Jaycox, Schoenbaum, Meredith, and Rubenstein); the Neuropsychiatric Institute and Department of Biobehavioral Services, University of California, Los Angeles (Drs Wells, Duan, and Unützer); the Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (Dr Miranda); and the Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, Calif (Dr Rubenstein).

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